The Dystopian Society Of The United States - 2610 Words

In what country does the most democratic society exist? In today’s world, the United States is the well-known example. The democracy in the United States makes it possible to secure one’s economic freedom without government interruption, alternatively termed capitalism. In modern world, the contemporary take on capitalism is consumerism. Ironically, given that capitalism is part of democracy, it is not equally distributed. The presence of social class separates one consumer from another and restricts one’s ability to purchase his or her want. Even with this constraint, consumerism is widely practiced right in democracy. Although the consequences of practicing consumerism are not apparent to everyone, Aldous Huxley discloses the detrimental impact of consumerism in society. He depicts two fictional societies in his works: the dystopian society of the World State in the Brave New World and the utopian society of Pala in Island. In both works, Huxley warns the reade rs about the influence of consumerism by illustrating its usage in manipulating individual thoughts in the World State and its function in bringing materialism to Pala. In Brave New World, the World State exhorts consumerism in order to maintain the society stable. and Island, Huxley draws comparisons between the two Utopian societies, Pala and the World State, and the real world. These comparisons are exhibited through explanations of each society’s characters. All the characters except the protagonist BernardShow MoreRelatedThe Dystopian Concept Of Beholder And Watchdog2 By George Orwell1431 Words   |  6 Pages3. Orwell: A society without privacy In order to analyse deeply about the dystopian concept in Beholder and Watchdog2, here is another example game named Orwell, which basically express same dystopian thoughts as Watchdogs series. It released on 20th October 2016, which developed by a German group named Osmotic Studios. The game idea was directly encouraged by a surveillance program named PRISM which disclosure by a Central Intelligence Agency employee Edward Snowden in 2014. His PowerPoint slidesRead MoreTotalitarianism In George Orwells 19841028 Words   |  5 Pagesdystopia is a society which is characterized by misery, oppression, and unhappiness. Likewise, a totalitarian government neither allow parties to have different opinions nor freedom with a centralized government, therefore totalitarianism and dystopian societies are similar. In 1984, written by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dictator who gives the Oceanian population no personal freedoms and strictly dominates all of the country for their own selfish way s. Unlike Oceania, the United States governs theirRead MoreDystopian Societies And Progression Towards Equality Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesinto a sadistic and mass murdering dictator? Adolf Hitler, during his time of power, was responsible for millions of deaths and leading Germany into a dystopian society. A dystopian society is a place of human misery that is ruled by a totalitarian government that makes choices for their own benefit not the people s; Adolf Hitler made Germany dystopian by being the sole power and eliminating or suppressing his opposition. Hitler was able to persuade Germany that the Jewish people were the cause ofRead More1984 Essay Historical Perspective674 Words   |  3 Pageshistorical events have occurred in the past years that are occurring today. Similar events happened in the years of 1948, 1984, 2014. Dystopia has been shown in many types of governments throughout the years of 1948 to 2014. Hitler for example showed a dystopian type of government w here hatred towards jews and propaganda played a big role in his government. The book named 1984 written by George Orwell, has a historical perspective. Orwell published the book in 1949. This shows that Orwell predicted thatRead MoreDystopian Society: Comparing Brave New World and 1984 Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesDystopian Society: Comparing Brave New World and 1984 Different societies have risen and fallen in the continual search for the â€Å"perfect† society. The definition of this utopia is in constant flux due to changing times and cultural values. Many works of literature have been written describing a utopian society and the steps needed to achieve it. However, there are those with a more cynical or more realistic view of society that comment on current and future trends. These individuals lookRead MoreEssay on The Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Offred is a Handmaid in what used to be the United States, now the theocratic Republic of Gilead. In order to create Gileads idea of a more perfect society, they have reverted to taking the Book of Genesis at its word. Women no longer have any privileges; they cannot work, have their own bank accounts, or own anything. The also are not allowed to read or even chose who they want to marry. Women are taught that they should be subservientRead MoreThe Dystopian Novel, Brave New World By Aldous Huxley And Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe dystopian fiction genre has been created through fear of the future and delivered through horrifying stories with strong sexual undertones. The realization of important truths is not an easy task for most people, so dystopian novelists must resort to various fairly extreme methods to make sure that there is no mistaking the message. Authors such as George Orwell, Ray Bradbury, and Aldous Huxley extend characteristics of their societies to the breaking point in order to warn the public toRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On The United States1428 Words   |  6 PagesToday in the United States, obesity is the one of the leading causes of death in adults and children. Obesity also leads to several chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than one-third (34.9% or 78.6 million) of U.S. adults are obese (â€Å"Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity†). This is such a scary fact to know that more than a third of American’s are obese. Obesity itself may impact our society or betterRead MoreThe Dystopian Society By George Orwell1287 Words   |  6 Pages George Orwell’s book known as nineteen eighty four is a story based on a dystopian society.Citizens of the dystopian society are currently spied on by their big powerful leader.This dystopian society uses all sorts of techniques to have the citizens of Oceania under control.Techniques out of this world are used in the dystopian society. The ruler of this dystopian society has absolute power over this society.Whether the citizens of Oceania realize it or not there ruler is always alert of everyRead MoreDystopian Society -Compare Contrast Brave New World and 19841686 Words   |  7 PagesDystopian Society Different societies have risen and fallen in the continual search for the â€Å"perfect† society. The definition of this utopia is in constant flux due to changing times and cultural values. Many works of literature have been written describing a utopian society and the steps needed to achieve it. However, there are those with a more cynical or more realistic view of society that comment on current and future trends. These individuals look at the problems in society and show

Have Childrens Behavior Become Worse in these Recent...

As time continues to go on more and more issues start to arise. One of the biggest issue that is becoming extremely important is the high correlation among children’s bad behavior. This has become one of the biggest issue because of many safety problems. There has been an increase in violence among children that has created a lot of safety issues. As the facilitation that we have for media, the children’s behavior has also increased. There are many influential factors that have made children behave worse as time went by. Even there are many causes to this bad behavior, there are a lot of solutions that we can come up with and that might just work. Let’s start by talking how children’s behavior has been negatively impacted by all the trash†¦show more content†¦It is true that no parent has a manual to raise a child but some parents are just terrible at parenting. Maturity among parents play a big role in the child’s behavior. It is very common that children with teenage parents have a negative impact on their behavior. This can be compared with single parents or divorced parents. Statistics are proven that children are behaving worse when they have something impactful happen in their life. Statistics shows that 50% of first marriages, 67% of second marriages, and 74% of third marriages end in divorce. This has been and will always be an impactful event for a child’s life and it definitely affects their behavior. During the 1980s, seventy-seven percent of children lived with both parents but in 2000s it went down to sixty-seven percent of children. Sixty-three percent of teen suicides and nin ety percent of runaways come from fatherless homes. Eighty-five percent of children with behavioral problems come from fatherless homes. The statistics continue to build up and prove that bad parenting or missing parents affects children’s behaviors. Children’s behavior is impacted by the inexperience and irresponsible parents during this time period. To these problems many people have been trying to find a solution, like diagnosing children with a disorder and giving them medication to control them. In a 2011 study, the results showed that approximately eleven percent (6.4 million)Show MoreRelatedWhat Does Columbine, Sandy Hook, And The Edlington Murders All Have?872 Words   |  4 PagesEdlington murders all have in common? These were all violent crimes, committed within the last decade, by people under the age of 21. Every time you turn on the television, there is news of children engaging in disruptive, dangerous behaviors. Juvenile detention camps are filled with children under the age 18 who have maimed and murdered others. Looking at data from the National Criminal Data base, it is a clear fact that children’s behavior is significantly deteriorated from 20 years ago. Some criticsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology On The Brain Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effects of Technology On The Brain Over the years, technology has increased in usage within many ways and has caused successful changes in a person’s lively routine. However, technology has evolved since the very beginning which concern has grown over the negative effects of its excessive use. Nicholas Carr’s article â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid† addresses the tendency of technology to create a sort of mental laziness where people look for instant answers rather than thinking for themselvesRead MoreDivorce And The Effects On Child Development1577 Words   |  7 Pagesmarital misery and friction harmfully affect their children’s happiness, comfort and security, but as does being subjected to going through a divorce. Children who are living in very high conflict and tension filled homes may be at an advantage by being detached from the conflicts. (Marriages that run at a lower level of upheaval, conceivably over two-thirds of divorces are of this kind; however divorce can make the childr en’s circumstances much worse on the heels of a divorce). Introduction ChildrenRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Child Development1510 Words   |  7 Pagesinjury (accidents), homicide and suicide according to the World Health Organization. Media and entertainment play a huge part in child development, as technology has seemed to overpower today’s generation. Nearly, forty percent of the human populations have access to an Internet connection at home via any device type and connection, when in 1995; it was less than one percent. The first billion internet users were reached in 2005, the second in 2010 and the third just recently in 2014 (Manual for measuringRead MoreViolent Media Is Good For Kids1324 Words   |  6 Pageschildren who view violent media react negatively rather than not being affected at all. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of what effects does it have on children. Whereas some are convinced that it is a healthy alternative for kids to express themselves, others maintain that it causes kids to become more aggressive and contributes to juvenile crimes. Common sense seems to dictate that, because the media today primarily focuses on portraying acts of aggression and violenceRead MoreExpository Essay on Parenting1582 Words   |  7 PagesSuccess COM150 Effective Essay Writing December 8, 2013 Throughout history, families represent the primary setting in which most children’s lives are formed and developed; however, parenting beliefs and practices have evolved and drastically changed. Most parents expressed the view that parenting had changed substantially when compared with parenting 20 years ago. Degree of parental responsibility and pressure on parents as having increased while a decrease in levels of parental control hasRead MoreMainstreaming Interview1441 Words   |  6 Pagescenter as a program assistance for 3 years and an afterschool class tutor for primary school for 1.5 years. She has 2 SEN students in 20 students P.2 class at Fanling Assembly of God Church Primary School. Hong Kong education was influenced by UK government while the period of the British colony with scholar academic ideology. Therefore, Hong Kong government put emphasis on the academic achievements. However, Ms. Ng has seen the change in curriculum. Children’s needs are now being more concernedRead MoreHow Electronic Media--From Baby Videos to Educational Software--Affects Your Young Child by Lisa Guernsey1123 Words   |  5 Pagesprominently enjoy using electronics, specifically television and computers, due to the proximity they hold in their lives. When an object is constantly surrounding someone, he or she often becomes attached to it, finding comfort in its presence. Likewise, when a television is often present in one’s life, he or she becomes accustomed to the satisfaction it provides. In Screen Time: How Electronic Media--From Baby Videos to Educational Software--Affects Your Young Child, Lisa Guernsey focuses on the impactRead MoreAffects on Children of Divo rced Parents1714 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy surrounding this particular topic. Most has been within the past two decades. Which make sense, since the divorce rate has skyrocketed in very recent history. We will start by examining the affects that the actual divorce process has on children. During this traumatic time, children will tend to pick up on all of the negative behaviors that the parents are exuding. Parental discord can actually be more disturbing to a child than parental nonexistence through the divorce. Parental conflictRead MoreEssay on Effect of violence seen on Television985 Words   |  4 Pages The Effects of Violence Seen on Television nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One Saturday morning when I was five years old, I was watching an episode of the Roadrunner on television. As Wile Coyote was pushed off a cliff by the roadrunner for the fourth or fifth time, I started laughing uncontrollably. I then watched a Bugs Bunny show and started laughing whenever I saw Elmer Fudd shoot Daffy Duck and his bill went twirling around his head. The next day, I pushed my brother off a cliff and shot

Power in Shakespeare Free Essays

Power has significantly marked the society where we are in current development. Power is one of the best ways to control a society, yet it impacts the society in a negative way when it comes to distributing rights and opportunities. That is, since it involves the worst issues within the government known as corruption. We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Shakespeare or any similar topic only for you Order Now In William Shakespeare’s play, Richard III, and Aristophanes’ play, Lysistrata, both authors employ the major role and concept of power. Both Shakespeare’s and Aristophanes’ approach to power has influenced the understanding of power and through their examples; one can employ their ideas as to why sometimes I feel powerless or powerful in my current life of a student. The views expressed by these authors are focused politically to power, which make people reflect on what power means; this involves attraction and subjugates provocation. The power is so great that it will always be seen negatively. With power one can organize groups but, there needs to be an authority. For example, like those with the political, economic, military or religious power. Yet, the problem comes when the abuse of power arises and when having too much power, the mind can be corrupted. It is necessary that one should have a good posture when power comes into hand and one should see it as something to improve on rather than to enhance on the small things that one does not need. Power should be seen as the ability to control to do the right thing and for that reason, be able to accomplish positive changes for the rest of the community. As a student, one has the ability to have power or not to have power either by sitting in a regular classroom or being at the university in general. At the university, there are laws, rules and authority that needs to be followed and for that reason a student could sometimes feel powerless. For instance, there is a rule at FAU that a student can’t be absent from a class for a certain amount of days. The student is able to feel powerful because he or she has the ability to not go to class. Yet, once he or she reaches or passes the amount of days, the student will be automatically dropped out and in addition will receive a penalty for it. So a student can feel powerless because it has no other choice but to go to the class just so he or she wouldn’t get penalized. In other words, one could explain how different styles of power could have similar characteristics through the norms and rules that exist today. For example, the power exerted from a government of any country must be abided by the people who inhabit it through compliance ith the same laws and standards. Also, the student of any university must also follow the same rules and laws established by the university. As you can see, this example represents a power running scheme of a major and minor scale, but with a similar goal, which is how to maintain order where there is always power. The penalty is always the consequence, that is, if you decide to take too much power into your own hands. If one has power, he or she should be able to manipulate it well enough to not let it go into the wrong hands. Similarly in Richard III, Shakespeare employs Hastings as a lord with honor who always remains loyal and trustworthy to the family. But when he gives all his trust and all his power to Richard, Richard ends up killing him. With power comes a consequence, and coinciding to this idea, that is why with power, corruption always occur. To that reason, a student will feel powerless because he or she has no other choice but to attend class. In order to be able to advance and be successful in class, you have to depend on your surroundings rather than self-advancement. One should be able to find peers and ask them what they did the whole class. Also, one is able to get the notes and basically get everything of what the teacher did without being in class. This being said, a student will feel powerful only if they have their surroundings by the palm of their hand. If the student is going to use his or her power, it will need to depend on its surroundings in order to be able to get the power that he or she wants. As said by Shakespeare, â€Å"Which done, God take King Edward to his mercy, and leave the world for me to bustle in, for then I’ll marry Warwick’s youngest daughter† (5). At school, one cannot depend on himself or herself, but on the teacher and on the peers. In Shakespeare view, he is showing how Richard views his power and Richard needs his surroundings and his superiority in order to get to King Edward’s throne. As for Aristophanes, Lysistrata would have never been able to succeed if she did not have the help of the other women. Her use of manipulation helped her gain power and she was able to take back her man and bring peace to the city. In addition, manipulating is being able to handle, control, or use someone or something cleverly and skillfully for one’s own advantage. A student can exercise the power to manipulate other students not to follow the rules or establish academic programs. Students who do not have responsibility and honesty are able to induce other students not to follow their school schedule, for example the student’s class attendance. The student’s friends will tell them to not attend class, go to the beach, or miss class just to miss it. And likewise, they are able to decrease the academic level in their classes because they assume no responsibility and maturity with the commitment to remain in a serious institution such as a university. These students still depend on their parents and since they know their parents will pay everything for them, they get low self-esteem and they won’t be able to value themselves and appreciate what they have. For this reason, they are people who have no responsibility and have no commitment when it comes to effort and it will be reflected once they attend the university. Therefore, that is why they influence other students to do the same. Aristophanes explains how the women were able to manipulate the power and strength of their husbands and warriors, exerting some manipulation of their womanhood and wife. Similarly, Shakespeare speaks of Elizabeth’s power over King Edward. By then, Richard is seeing the king as being weak and being handled by women. â€Å"Why, this it is, when men are ruled by women; my Lady Grey his wife, Clarence, ‘tis she that tempers him to this extremity† (Shakespeare 3). Comparing the previous texts, a student to a certain extent, can manipulate by being able to respect and enforce the university rights. For example, receiving an academic background in the area specified and chosen by the student and freely expressing its ideas and not being able to get punished because of them. This is why universities should take responsibility to train professionals and specialists in various areas of knowledge, as well as the formation of authentic citizens with moral and ethical responsibilities committed to the social reality around them. In Lysistrata, the women had a hard time being heard by the town and similarly, I have that same problem with my life as a college student. Just as the commissioner said in Lysistrata, â€Å"you expect me to take orders from a woman. I’d die first† (Aristophanes 91). The men during that era did not take the women into consideration and they were never taken into account. They were always ignored and predominated the power of men. Aristophanes portrayed the women into another new level by giving them the importance that they needed. Although they were only valued as a house wife, Aristophanes took into consideration how important sex is in the life of men, and gave power to the women using their ingenuity. Due to the fact that FAU has a great amount of tudents not only in the school in general but in the classes as well, the professors cannot provide a personalized education for each student. For that reason, that is why students sometimes feel ignored. It is very complicated for a professor to dictate a class with an abundance of students and the time assigned by the university because it limits them to give just a general class. In the other hand, it is not the professor’s fault but it is the university’s in general as to why most students are ignored. It is up on our time to go to the professor’s office hours just to have a conversation from person to person. People usually ask what they have to do in order to get to power while having the connections and influences and at the same time being a normal and ordinary person. For me, the answer or explanation to this question is due to my presence here at Florida Atlantic University because it is obtained through preparation, school work, and knowledge. For that reason, there is a famous phrase said by nearly everyone today that â€Å"knowledge is power†. Yet, through the knowledge that I gain, I have the ability and power to make my own decisions. How to cite Power in Shakespeare, Papers Power in Shakespeare Free Essays Power has significantly marked the society where we are in current development. Power is one of the best ways to control a society, yet it impacts the society in a negative way when it comes to distributing rights and opportunities. That is, since it involves the worst issues within the government known as corruption. We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Shakespeare or any similar topic only for you Order Now In William Shakespeare’s play, Richard III, and Aristophanes’ play, Lysistrata, both authors employ the major role and concept of power. Both Shakespeare’s and Aristophanes’ approach to power has influenced the understanding of power and through their examples; one can employ their ideas as to why sometimes I feel powerless or powerful in my current life of a student. The views expressed by these authors are focused politically to power, which make people reflect on what power means; this involves attraction and subjugates provocation. The power is so great that it will always be seen negatively. With power one can organize groups but, there needs to be an authority. For example, like those with the political, economic, military or religious power. Yet, the problem comes when the abuse of power arises and when having too much power, the mind can be corrupted. It is necessary that one should have a good posture when power comes into hand and one should see it as something to improve on rather than to enhance on the small things that one does not need. Power should be seen as the ability to control to do the right thing and for that reason, be able to accomplish positive changes for the rest of the community. As a student, one has the ability to have power or not to have power either by sitting in a regular classroom or being at the university in general. At the university, there are laws, rules and authority that needs to be followed and for that reason a student could sometimes feel powerless. For instance, there is a rule at FAU that a student can’t be absent from a class for a certain amount of days. The student is able to feel powerful because he or she has the ability to not go to class. Yet, once he or she reaches or passes the amount of days, the student will be automatically dropped out and in addition will receive a penalty for it. So a student can feel powerless because it has no other choice but to go to the class just so he or she wouldn’t get penalized. In other words, one could explain how different styles of power could have similar characteristics through the norms and rules that exist today. For example, the power exerted from a government of any country must be abided by the people who inhabit it through compliance ith the same laws and standards. Also, the student of any university must also follow the same rules and laws established by the university. As you can see, this example represents a power running scheme of a major and minor scale, but with a similar goal, which is how to maintain order where there is always power. The penalty is always the consequence, that is, if you decide to take too much power into your own hands. If one has power, he or she should be able to manipulate it well enough to not let it go into the wrong hands. Similarly in Richard III, Shakespeare employs Hastings as a lord with honor who always remains loyal and trustworthy to the family. But when he gives all his trust and all his power to Richard, Richard ends up killing him. With power comes a consequence, and coinciding to this idea, that is why with power, corruption always occur. To that reason, a student will feel powerless because he or she has no other choice but to attend class. In order to be able to advance and be successful in class, you have to depend on your surroundings rather than self-advancement. One should be able to find peers and ask them what they did the whole class. Also, one is able to get the notes and basically get everything of what the teacher did without being in class. This being said, a student will feel powerful only if they have their surroundings by the palm of their hand. If the student is going to use his or her power, it will need to depend on its surroundings in order to be able to get the power that he or she wants. As said by Shakespeare, â€Å"Which done, God take King Edward to his mercy, and leave the world for me to bustle in, for then I’ll marry Warwick’s youngest daughter† (5). At school, one cannot depend on himself or herself, but on the teacher and on the peers. In Shakespeare view, he is showing how Richard views his power and Richard needs his surroundings and his superiority in order to get to King Edward’s throne. As for Aristophanes, Lysistrata would have never been able to succeed if she did not have the help of the other women. Her use of manipulation helped her gain power and she was able to take back her man and bring peace to the city. In addition, manipulating is being able to handle, control, or use someone or something cleverly and skillfully for one’s own advantage. A student can exercise the power to manipulate other students not to follow the rules or establish academic programs. Students who do not have responsibility and honesty are able to induce other students not to follow their school schedule, for example the student’s class attendance. The student’s friends will tell them to not attend class, go to the beach, or miss class just to miss it. And likewise, they are able to decrease the academic level in their classes because they assume no responsibility and maturity with the commitment to remain in a serious institution such as a university. These students still depend on their parents and since they know their parents will pay everything for them, they get low self-esteem and they won’t be able to value themselves and appreciate what they have. For this reason, they are people who have no responsibility and have no commitment when it comes to effort and it will be reflected once they attend the university. Therefore, that is why they influence other students to do the same. Aristophanes explains how the women were able to manipulate the power and strength of their husbands and warriors, exerting some manipulation of their womanhood and wife. Similarly, Shakespeare speaks of Elizabeth’s power over King Edward. By then, Richard is seeing the king as being weak and being handled by women. â€Å"Why, this it is, when men are ruled by women; my Lady Grey his wife, Clarence, ‘tis she that tempers him to this extremity† (Shakespeare 3). Comparing the previous texts, a student to a certain extent, can manipulate by being able to respect and enforce the university rights. For example, receiving an academic background in the area specified and chosen by the student and freely expressing its ideas and not being able to get punished because of them. This is why universities should take responsibility to train professionals and specialists in various areas of knowledge, as well as the formation of authentic citizens with moral and ethical responsibilities committed to the social reality around them. In Lysistrata, the women had a hard time being heard by the town and similarly, I have that same problem with my life as a college student. Just as the commissioner said in Lysistrata, â€Å"you expect me to take orders from a woman. I’d die first† (Aristophanes 91). The men during that era did not take the women into consideration and they were never taken into account. They were always ignored and predominated the power of men. Aristophanes portrayed the women into another new level by giving them the importance that they needed. Although they were only valued as a house wife, Aristophanes took into consideration how important sex is in the life of men, and gave power to the women using their ingenuity. Due to the fact that FAU has a great amount of tudents not only in the school in general but in the classes as well, the professors cannot provide a personalized education for each student. For that reason, that is why students sometimes feel ignored. It is very complicated for a professor to dictate a class with an abundance of students and the time assigned by the university because it limits them to give just a general class. In the other hand, it is not the professor’s fault but it is the university’s in general as to why most students are ignored. It is up on our time to go to the professor’s office hours just to have a conversation from person to person. People usually ask what they have to do in order to get to power while having the connections and influences and at the same time being a normal and ordinary person. For me, the answer or explanation to this question is due to my presence here at Florida Atlantic University because it is obtained through preparation, school work, and knowledge. For that reason, there is a famous phrase said by nearly everyone today that â€Å"knowledge is power†. Yet, through the knowledge that I gain, I have the ability and power to make my own decisions. How to cite Power in Shakespeare, Essay examples

Conceptual Framework For Business Process - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Framework For Business Process. Answer: Introduction Business processing Engineering can be defined as the method in which various organization analyze or study the present or current process of business and easily aim in developing new methods which can be used for improving productivity, involved or operation cost and efficiency for an organization (Scheer, 2012). It also aims on the fact that organization can easily achieve their goals. It also focusses or address on the fact that organization can easily achieve or look for overall kind of improvement. In the coming pages of the report a case study has been chosen on e-school application which relates to the use of business process engineering. After that full attention has been given on intention and contents of the article. All the important factors like survey, case study, observation, experiments and other kinds of methods associated with it. An attention has been given on the various kinds of issues and problems which is highlighted by the author. A brief comparison with the other paper on the topic of business processing engineering has been provided. The paper chosen for this report is the requirement or need of e-school application which offers services to various kinds of information society. Survey The paper mainly addresses a conceptual type of framework which is needed of engineering methods for e-school application which generally offer various kinds service to information society. The e-school application can be defined as the fusion of electronic business and context of mobile business (Van Der Aalst, 2013). This model mainly consists of three dynamic of web interface and SMS interface. Implementation of this kind of service mainly requires accept various kinds of changes in the school business process which supports it. This paper mainly addresses the need or requirement of engineering framework which mainly aim in overcoming the feedback loop and process of business. The framework provided in this paper mainly addresses on the fact of building an application which mainly surety of the fact and looking into the fact of identification of various process of business processes changes and various kinds of models related to it (Weske, 2012). The framework also focuses on the idea of efficient deployment of various kinds of services and its future development on the business processes. Various kinds of analysis are done by a business processing engineers so that organization easily achieve long term goals. Case Study Requirements engineering has developed a model which can be used as a software engineering considering the fact of systematic way of earliest application of software development. Components of various kinds of engineering model generally consist of development of requirement and its management (Zur Muehlen and Recker, 2013). In this paper the conceptual framework mainly addresses a design for coordinating the various kinds of activities required of engineering and also ensures the kind of development required for development of some specific application. Efficient capturing the various kinds of business process which support development of application which is considered to be critical for development of software requirements. The following case study is chosen for fact that it has increased number in exchanging various kinds of notification with respect to various kinds of information system. SMS and mail services are considered to be main or ultimate method of notification assets which mainly provides support for rich interface. The following paper mainly addresses issues of traditional school and aspects of e-school. Observation Various kinds of educational system in summation of core activities of teaching and learning focus which generally depends on various kinds of business procedures. The procedure generally falls on scope of various processes of business. There are generally a large number of issues which generally lacks the architecture of e-school which is according to technical standard, lack of conditions, process of business. There are large number of gaps between small and large schools. Business process capture, analysis and development of model focus on initial boundaries of school. In this phase the initial boundaries of the business process are checked and a basis idea of the process is needed. For proper definition of the vison of the application and its need to be done (Chung, Nixon and Mylopoulos, 2012). Various stakeholders requirements are gathered and given to individual kinds of users so that it can easily provide high level of specification. In the prototype phase, a proper kind of prototype phase is designed and implemented as per need of the requirements. The prototype focus on gathering and verifying the needs of the user. Trial work is considered to be important for both functionality of application as well as verification of performance. The only method to have process changes is to accept the changes of the process directly from the various actors. The various kinds of service and improved processes are used and set into motion for usage. Experiment In the case study a very important factor is highlighted that how the teachers make changes regarding the records of homework assignment. Every school have highlighted some of the issue related to tracking of data and drawing attention when it is considered to be important factor. This particular type of factor is considered to be bit time consuming (Rglinger, Pppelbu and Becker, 2012). One risk which is associated with the various kinds of usability of service is generally related to simplification of procedure. It will help in overcoming additional features or work for the teachers. In case of dealing with service requirements a whole set of future which mainly taken into consideration. The key idea or logic behind the initiation of e-school system is to provide gradual support for the school process and changes which is needed or required for successful integration and adaptation. The process which is generally assumed to impact the need of set for a particular application (Dumas et al... 2013). And any kind of improvisation in school business is considered to be an extension of various processes of school and it should make use of traditional school processes and it should also notify various kinds of services related to it (Harmon, 2015). An important factor which is to be noticed is the introduction of business process which will not decrease the amount or level of usability. Other methods The case study in the paper mainly addresses various kinds of notification services which are generally based on notification services which are generally depended on school depended exchange of information at any point of time by making use of various kinds of service related to SMS messages. This particular type of service enables a fast and easy way of information exchange between school, parents and students (Rosemann and vom Brocke, 2015). The content in the notification is generally about assignment of students, absence of students, general notification about various kinds of activities like meeting between parent and teachers. Broadcast capabilities are generally making use of distributed dependent architecture. Bidirectional communication provides a platform where parents can easily ask for some particular information which they sometime look for like information about the children given or provided by students. Data entry is generally achieved by making use of various secure kinds of web interfaces (Jeston and Nelis, 2014). This particular services enables customizing various kinds profile of customers and receiving information about their interest. Notification service user include various kinds of teachers as a content of administrator, students and their parents. All the registered employees of school are generally responsible for providing or entering information related to school (Rebuge and Ferreira, 2012). The job role of the administrator of the system generally depends on the model of business. Findings Two new methods have been found for E-school notification has been discussed in the case study. In the service development model, it is concluded that notification service is very simple and easy to use (Eastman, 2012). Only software development process is needed for required for it. With the help of conceptual design of framework several stages of requirement engineering were generally defined. Each and every stage of this model is generally defined as goal and techniques of requirement elicitation (Reay, Ramshaw and Harvey, 2013). The ultimate notion of notification service is the limitation of SMS and other kinds of Web services. The service claims to provide more user friendly and extensive method of communication which is limited to extensive medium of communication which is generally considered to be opposite of inherent limitation of SMS. This particular service provides web interface for provider of content and user for various kinds of services. Problem or Issue Various kinds of education system provide addition to core value of activities of teaching and other kinds of learning. This procedure generally falls under the method or process of school business process (Chang, 2016). An example of traditional process of business can be defined as the roles and responsibility of students to perform all the task and doing all sort of home works. There are large number of issue which are discussed in the following case study are Lack or absence of general type of E-school system of architecture which generally works according to the technical standard and current process of business Absence of condition, rules and regulation which is generally used in e-learning and e-teaching mode of teaching. Analysis of any kind of gap present which is generally present in big and large kind of schools. Apart from this parents are considered to be a part or mode of communities which focus on the fact that that parent can easily get information related to their children. Comparison On comparing this article with the other article is it observed that the case study is different but the idea about business process engineering is same. Business processing engineering can be easily stated as the method by which organization can easily work and develop some kinds of new methods which can be used for improving efficiency and various kinds of cost which are generally involved in it (Laguna and Marklund, 2013). After comparison it is analyzed that method of adaptation or implementation of business process engineering is different in the case study but the notion or goal is same in both the research study. In one of the case study the origin of BPR and key concepts, BPR as a radical change, BPR and TQM has been discussed in this case study. While on the other case study an analysis has been done on the framework which consist of framework like capability for capturing and checking the business process and development of model (van Dongen, Dijkman and Mendling, 2013). A business driver for the process of business is generally supported for development of application. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that this case study it can be easily concluded that this report is all about Business Processing Engineering. In the beginning pages of the report a proper definition of BPR (Business Processing Engineering) has been provided. In the discussion of the report an idea has been provided regarding the conceptual kind of framework which is needed in E-School applications. In the case study section an idea has been provided regarding requirement engineering. Two of the important factors like SMS and email services has been discussed in the report. In the observation part various kinds of various kinds of education system and teaching has been discussed in details. In the experiment portion of the report certain number of problems have been discussed like methods used by teachers for having correction regarding the assignment. The ultimate idea behind the generation of e-school system is give or provide regular support for various kinds of proc esses and changes which is needed for proper addition or integration. In the other method section an idea has been provided regarding bidirectional communication. Later on in the finding section two of the E-school notification that is service development and SMS web interface has been discussed in the above pages. References Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Chung, L., Nixon, B.A., Yu, E. and Mylopoulos, J., 2012.Non-functional requirements in software engineering(Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J. and Reijers, H.A., 2013.Fundamentals of business process management(Vol. 1, p. 2). Heidelberg: Spring Eastman, C.M. ed., 2012.Design for X: concurrent engineering imperatives. Springer Science Business Media. Harmon, P., 2015. The scope and evolution of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 37-80). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Laguna, M. and Marklund, J., 2013.Business process modeling, simulation and design. CRC Press. Reay, D., Ramshaw, C. and Harvey, A., 2013.Process Intensification: Engineering for efficiency, sustainability and flexibility. Butterworth-Heinemann. Rebuge, . and Ferreira, D.R., 2012. Business process analysis in healthcare environments: A methodology based on process mining.Information systems,37(2), pp.99-116. Rglinger, M., Pppelbu, J. and Becker, J., 2012. Maturity models in business process management.Business Process Management Journal,18(2), pp.328-346. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Scheer, A.W., 2012.Business process engineering: reference models for industrial enterprises. Springer Science Business Media. Van Der Aalst, W.M., 2013. Business process management: a comprehensive survey.ISRN Software Engineering,2013. van Dongen, B., Dijkman, R. and Mendling, J., 2013. Measuring similarity between business process models. InSeminal Contributions to Information Systems Engineering(pp. 405-419). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Weske, M., 2012. Business process management architectures. InBusiness Process Management(pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Zur Muehlen, M. and Recker, J., 2013. How much language is enough? Theoretical and practical use of the business process modeling notation. InSeminal Contributions to Information Systems Engineering(pp. 429-443). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Unilever Company free essay sample

This report is an analysis of the internal and external factors of Unilever. This analysis will give an overview of the industry intensity and the profitability by using The Porter’s Five Forces approach. Overview Unilever was created in 1930 through the merger of Margarine Unie, a Dutch margarine company and British based Lever Brothers, a soap and detergent company. Over the next decades, Unilever continued acquiring companies and brands, gradually moving into more food and household products categories in more and more countries. Strengths: Unilever possesses a competitive advantage as one of the largest consumer products company. It has some of the most well known and traditional brands such as Ben Jerry, Lipton, I Can’t Believe it’s Not Butter and Knorr. Because of its size and dominance in the market, Unilever has developed strong distribution links with retailers over the years Therefore they have very strong supplier and buyer power. We will write a custom essay sample on Unilever Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unilever’s co-chairmen, Niall FitzGerald and Antony Burgmans had formed a five year strategy plan in early 2000, the Path to Growth strategy. Retrenchment was one of the first key elements of Unilever’s Path to Growth strategy. The strategy involved cutting the size of the company’s portfolio from 1,600 brands down to 400 core brands. Also require closing or selling 100 factories and laying off 25,000 employees so as to combine production at fewer plants to operate more efficiently by reducing their production cost. Down sizing the company, Unilever was able to generate annual savings of â‚ ¬3. 9 billion with this advantage, they are capable to market the demand of consumers’ needs and have enough capitals to focus in R D and advertising on the company’s leading brands. The second strength is divesting underperforming brands and businesses. Narrowing down some of the products would not only allow them to allocate their resources efficiently but would also enable them to concentrate on best sellers and increased quality possible and economies of scale. The last strength is acquisition. Acquiring reputable companies and companies with a strong market position would not only allow them to strengthen their brand image and broaden their consumerism but also provide them a better sense of community. Exhibit 1 shows the operating profit margins by product area is increasing at a steady rate. The food products have increase 6. 1%, personal care products have increase 8. % and the home care and cleaning products have increased 3. 3% from 1992-2002. Exhibit 2 shows the operating profit margins by geographic area is also increasing at a steady rate. It shows that Europe had grown 6. 4%, North America at 8. 1%, Africa Middle East at . 5%, Asia Pacific at 4. 8% and Latin America at 3. 9% from 1992-2002. This indicates that the com pany is still growing steadily. Weakness: Unilever’s primary weakness is having too many unrelated products therefore there is some business risks involved because products are so scatter in the diverse industry as a result there is no synergy. In addition, less focus would be given to the best selling products when their main focus is to increase their operating profit margin. The second weakness is the down performance in the Prestige Product group and Health Wellness. Exhibit 3 shows a tremendous decline in growth in sales in the Health and Wellness group such as Slim Fast, etc†¦ and also the Fragrance group. (Calvin Klein, Escape, Eternity, etc†¦) This clearly indicates that these two groups are at a maturing stage because the rate of growth is apparently declining at a rapid rate; buyers are more sophisticated, increased competitive intensity and profitability also declining. Evidently the Paths to Growth strategy have failed referring to exhibit 4, it shows Unilevers Sales revenue Operating Profit in 1992-2002 is declining. The third weakness is advertisement. Most companies advertise heavily to create the perception of product differentiation and to announce new product innovation. Unilever doesn’t have enough advertisement than the other companies and relatively little product innovation. Lastly, management is slow to market emerging country where there was the greatest potential to grow sales of food and household products. Threats: The most significant threat to Unilever is its competitors such as Nestle, Procter Gamble and Krafts Food. Exhibit 5 shows, Nestle’s sales has been increasing rapidly in contrast to Unilever. Unilever is also showing a sign of declining; as a result it put Unilever at a riskier position. With high threats of newer entrant and high threats of substitution, private labels such as store discount brand can be easily substitutes for Unilever’s products. With the constant changes in the economy market and changes in buyers’ preference can be a threat as well, since Unilever is already operating in a difficult environment. As buyers are more sophisticated in quality, taste, innovativeness and price are the main factor to differentiate their products form its competitors. The second threat is because Unilever has started to show a decline in sales and management’s inability to reach their goal might change the perceptions of investors, lenders and vendors. Thus, stock prices may decrease; as a result a decline in the shareholders’ wealth may occur. Opportunities: There are only a few brands that had global standing or qualified as â€Å"power† brands. Therefore, Unilever still has room for geographic expansion. Second, lower their product prices to attract consumers. Not only it will increase sales growth but also broaden the brand image. Third is advertising to increase consumer confidence. Lastly, abandon products in their maturing stage to cut cost and concentrate on best selling products. Conclusions: Unilever was showing sign of success during the first two years with the Paths to Growth strategy. However, they were not able to achieve their goal and evidently failed. The reason to that is mainly because of the management. The management main concern was to increase their sales growth but neglecting the internal factors such as marketing, advertising and also R D. By constantly focusing on their sales growth, it hasn’t been able to allocate their resources efficiently by promoting slow selling items and develop new products. In addition, the management has also ignored the external factors such as new geographic markets, change drivers and competitive environment. Therefore, it leads to the decreased in sales because of their slow reaction in buyers’ preference and the constant changes in the consumer products market. Furthermore, Unilever offer a wide range of products from food to fragrance because the products are so unrelated therefore, there is no synergy. Alternative: †¢Size and present in the market. †¢Management: marketing/ads. †¢New image. †¢Better products. †¢Low cost provider. †¢Geographic expansion. †¢Modified status quo. Recommendation: First thing I would recommend Unilever is to reorganize their task of the management. Know their purpose and strategies that will lead them to achieve their goal. I would suggest strategic vision. Learn the reason why their sales have been declining by considering both the internal and external factors. Unilever may try to conglomerate diversifying their products to reduce risks and attracting greater sales opportunity but they need to focus on where the synergy is and also when to abandon slow selling products. By eliminating underperformance product would help cutting down the operating expenses it would allow the company to have more capital on hand to restructure or focus on products lines with greater profit. Lastly, since Unilever possesses competitive advantage, I would recommend them to increased quality possible and economies of scale.

Free Essays on Precis

Precis #3 The utterance of untruth is not justified through suppression of doubts on the subject or ignorance of the truth. Taking a statement for what it’s worth, without any further inquiry, is not only doing one’s self harm but also doing harm to anyone who one retells that statement and to society as a whole. In the case of the ship owner, burying his uncertainties about the integrity of his vessel, regardless of its journey’s success, was a wrong. It is also faulty to believe on insufficient evidence or by purposely avoiding investigation. It is asserted that humankind believes blindly because it is afraid of doubt and unmotivated to investigate. One’s beliefs make one strong if one has strong convictions. If these convictions are untrue, however, that strength is stolen and unreal. By this process, it is possible that society could become totally complacent, accepting everything that it is told by whom ever tells it. The process starts at childhood; a mother telling her child what she knows of the world with the child believing everything on the basis of authority. The child has no reason to ask questions of what it is told because it has no reason to first question the validity of its parents. It also has no knowledge of the rules of authority. Some things may be discounted because they cannot be known by a human or by a human of the nature to which one is speaking. If a mother tells her child that its dead dog didn’t feel a thing when it died and that it went up to puppy heaven to be with all its doggie friends, there is immediate cause for the child to discount its mothers story. Children cannot understand this however. As the child grows it becomes aware that it should begin to question things which it has held to be true. It is easier to be skeptical of things one is learning than things one ahs held true for a lifetime. People believe falsehoods from their youth to keep peac ! e of... Free Essays on Precis Free Essays on Precis Precis #3 The utterance of untruth is not justified through suppression of doubts on the subject or ignorance of the truth. Taking a statement for what it’s worth, without any further inquiry, is not only doing one’s self harm but also doing harm to anyone who one retells that statement and to society as a whole. In the case of the ship owner, burying his uncertainties about the integrity of his vessel, regardless of its journey’s success, was a wrong. It is also faulty to believe on insufficient evidence or by purposely avoiding investigation. It is asserted that humankind believes blindly because it is afraid of doubt and unmotivated to investigate. One’s beliefs make one strong if one has strong convictions. If these convictions are untrue, however, that strength is stolen and unreal. By this process, it is possible that society could become totally complacent, accepting everything that it is told by whom ever tells it. The process starts at childhood; a mother telling her child what she knows of the world with the child believing everything on the basis of authority. The child has no reason to ask questions of what it is told because it has no reason to first question the validity of its parents. It also has no knowledge of the rules of authority. Some things may be discounted because they cannot be known by a human or by a human of the nature to which one is speaking. If a mother tells her child that its dead dog didn’t feel a thing when it died and that it went up to puppy heaven to be with all its doggie friends, there is immediate cause for the child to discount its mothers story. Children cannot understand this however. As the child grows it becomes aware that it should begin to question things which it has held to be true. It is easier to be skeptical of things one is learning than things one ahs held true for a lifetime. People believe falsehoods from their youth to keep peac ! e of...

Chinese food in the United States( food as culture) Annotated Bibliography - 1

Chinese food in the United States( food as culture) - Annotated Bibliography Example The jury is a fundamental part of English judicial system, though few cases are decided by jury these days. It ensures that the judicial system works for the public’s benefit and not to benefit unjust leaders. It promotes not only a healthy society but also a healthy criminal justice system, where political leaders cannot silence their opponents by abusing the criminal justice system. Though it plays an important role, the constitutional position of the Britain’s jury is vulnerable as it is not written in the constitution (Michaels & Laura 54). Although juries play a significant role in criminal justice system, they usually deal with minor cases. The criminal cases are usually divided into three categories. â€Å"Summary† offences are the minor ones and are less serious in nature and are tried only in magistrate’s court. â€Å"Indictable only† is the most serious kind of offences while â€Å"triable either way† are the ones found between the serious offences and minor ones. The triable either way as indicated can be tried either in magistrate’s court or crown court (Towl & David 34). Majority of criminal cases are summary because they are commonly committed because they are least in nature and are listened in the magistrate’s court where the jury has no role. The other few remaining cases in crown court, the defendants either plead guilty and there is no need for a jury or a judge informs the jury that the law demands the judge to acquit the defendant. Therefore, cases heard by the jury are very few when compared to the total number of cases brought before court. The removal of the juries in civil cases was slowly and it might gave started in the mid nineteenth century, when judges were given authority to refuse a case be heard in front of a jury but by a sole judge. This led to the use of jury almost obsolete. The Supreme Court gives qualified jury right to the

Zeal Optics case analyze Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zeal Optics analyze - Case Study Example To realize this, the company has to overcome some particular limitations that may come in the way of realizing this dream. Some of these challenges include how to raise the growth capital, improve marketing in the social media and how to expand its distribution among optical stores and sports retailers. For this reason, they invited some Fortune Small Business experts to help them plan the way forward. The first challenge that the Jacksons have to deal with is that of distribution. How best to expand their distribution network to more optical stores and sports retailers around the country. The company has immensely benefited from the network that it already has with sports and fitness companies. These partnerships have helped achieve the high performance despite the current domination by the top three brands that own about 70% of the market; Oakley, Mar and Smith and Costal del. With the expansion of the distribution centers, it is possible to reach a larger audience across the country (Gilson and Altman). It will also improve the discoverability of the items being sold by retailers. Zeal has also established links with some professional athletes that have served as Zeal spokespeople. Independent sales reps handle other outdoor-gear accounts that Zeal has made use of in the past. However as Scott Jaeger (a senior analyst at Leisure Trends Group) observed, the company has the poten tial to open up to 2,500 retail doors across the country. He also emphasized the fact that is of paramount importance to maintain a close relationship with the sales reps as they to ensure that they are carrying out their duties as required. Scott also proposes that the Jacksons consider focusing on the products that had the best sale values. The view comes from the fact that Zeal Optics had achieved a 86% sales growth in goggles, a product that that, in general, was down by 14%. The

CJUS 350-DB4 Replies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 350-DB4 Replies - Essay Example Additionally, you should note the significance of written code in enhancing orderliness and professionalism within the security sector. Overall, the essay is good as it highlights the essence of prioritizing safety and security by all officers irrespective of their ranks. You are quite right in your statement that the nine norms ought to apply to everybody in the sense that the law is meant to protect everyone through collective responsibility. Indeed, the unwritten code of behavior is evident in every officer at least going by the way that the officers take care of each other in terms of security. This is done through personal initiative and therefore, it should not be enforced when it already works even without legal intervention. Concerning ‘The Timing Stinks’ story, it is important to mention that you have rightly stated the officer deserved professional treatment despite his alleged misconduct. Moral obligation dictates that any unbecoming behavior including drunkenness during working hours ought to be approached carefully depending on rank and integrity of the

Analysis of Performance Appraisal System

Analysis of Performance Appraisal System ABSTRACT This article examines the Performance Appraisal System of Opsonin Pharma Ltd. It discusses one previous format of performance appraisal and the current performance appraisal. Author has tried to find out whether performance appraisal system of the company motivates the employees to achieve the company goal. Researcher has conducted the survey in the head office people of the company to get the idea of management people. The study uses primary and secondary data to do the analysis of the research where it has searched academic literature for the theories of performance appraisal, performance management, motivation and human resource management. Result has come out through the survey that current performance appraisal system has shown positive impression but still it needs some improvement such as proper practice and introduction of performance management. Chapter 1. Introduction Survival of the fittest once advocated by famous biologist Charles Darwin in his ‘Origin of Species (1859) transcended the boundary of biological world. Now this principle has become true in areas where competition determines ultimate fate. In the realm of organization, this principle operates in the name of productivity, profitability, efficiency, effectiveness and so on. Organization theorists during classical period emphasized on structural and technological perfection for survival and growth. Such mechanistic ideas of competitiveness started fading since 1930s onwards. The rise of behavioural and industrial humanism made way to ‘human capital to be considered central in the study of competitiveness. The measurement unit of contribution of human capital is termed as ‘Performance. Performance Appraisal (PA) as a technique of measuring competitiveness of organizations or institutions is not a modern phenomena. It has started from Han Dynasty in 206 BC-220 AD where they used to use merit exam for selection and promotion (Wren, 1994). But most probably PA system started in the industry from Robert Owens textile mills of the 1800s, where he used silent monitor system with the block of woods with different colours that he put in the work station of each employee. Everyone could see the performance with each other (Wren, 1994). This gave rise to an annual assessment which was recorded in a â€Å"book of character†. The assessments were subjective, which is one of the main criticisms still leveled at performance appraisal today. In the early part of the twentieth century Owens ideas were superseded by those of ‘scientific management, devised by F.W. Taylor and popularly associated with Henry Ford. This emphasised the use of quantitative methods to measure work performance (e.g., a fair days work and differential piece rate system), and led to the development of ‘work study techniques in the inter-war period. Though today, private sector has been credited as the perfectionist of performance management techniques, the modern psychometric approach to performance appraisal has been brought by the public sector (Torrington, Weightmen and John, 1989, p.66). Due to its monopolistic and legalistic nature, public sector performance appraisal practices could not reach that standard as reached by the private sector, which took appraisal as a response to market competition. The study is based on Opsonin Pharma Limited, a leading pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh. It was incorporated as a private company in 1976. It manufactures, and markets generic medicines for both human and animal use. Its value-added products improve the quality of life of both the people and animals in Bangladesh as well as abroad and help them enjoy longer, healthier, and more productive lives. Opsonin is known for long as a provider of regular and life saving medicines at affordable price. It has long been established and recognized as one of the most leading, progressive and modern pharmaceutical company in the country with the assurance of manufacturing quality products as the company is committed to contribute much to develop national health sector. 1.1 PURPOSE OF STUDY: Purpose of the study is to identify whether the management people who are working in the head office are convinced or not with performance appraisal system of the company. 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES: 1.2.1 AIM: Aim for this research is to gather knowledge about performance appraisal system in Opsonin Pharma Ltd. and to get clear idea about performance appraisal system through literature review. 1.2.2 OBJECTIVES: To provide recommendation to Opsonin Pharma Ltd how they can improve their performance appraisal system. To examine how performance appraisal system works. To analyse how Opsonin Pharma motivate the employees through performance appraisal system. To make an overview of Opsonin Pharma Limited. To make an overview of Performance Appraisal System of Opsonin Pharma Limited. To determine the interrelation between Performance Appraisal System and other Human Resource aspects. To measure the level of employee development. To determine the impact of Performance Appraisal System for motivating the employees of Opsonin Pharma Limited. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS: How effective is the performance appraisal system in Opsonin Pharma Ltd.? Do the management people think that current performance appraisal system works properly in the company? Does performance appraisal system motivate the employees at Opsonin Pharma Ltd.? Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The Performance Appraisal (PA) system is essential for maintaining high standard of human resource of any organization, both private and public sector. Performance appraisal is a part of working link that emphasizes for both bosses and subordinates their managerial responsibilities (Williams, 1972, p.8). A good performance appraisal should introduce in the company to know employees abilities and efforts to match organizational expectations. A good PA system can measure employees activities with reasonable accuracy and it can provide feedback to employees on their performance, and make a chance to employees to develop their weaknesses. There is a chance to make wrong personnel decisions which lead to affect organizations capacity without good performance appraisal systems. But ineffective appraisal system can bring many problems including frustration for good performers which will encourage them to leave the company, causing the organization to incur high recruitment costs (Chou, 2005 , p.42). This concern is addressed by ensuring that employees understand how their work contributes to the achievement of organizational goals, by ensuring that employees have the skills to make that contribution and, above all, by developing a climate of open discussion in which performance, achievements, and difficulties can be approached openly and supportively. A sound PA system, therefore, measures performance of employees not only to make some backwardly-linked like recruitment validity, motivation, morale, etc. and forwardly-linked like career growth, reward and sanction, employee development personnel decisions etc., but to integrate between organizational goals and personal goals of employees (Hyde, 1982, p.295). It is a really hard task for reflecting employee performance through performance appraisal system. Performance appraisal systems are not general idea that can be followed by all companies without any modification because it depends on employee and organizational characteristics and qualities (Henderson, 1984, p.54). At first glance performance appraisal appears as though it should be something relatively straightforward. Torrington, Weightman and Johns (1989, p.814) offer a working definition of appraisal as: â€Å"The process of judging a persons performance and reporting that judgment.† Alan Fowler has given very good definition about the objective of performance appraisal system. He suggested that: â€Å"Staff work best when they know what they have to do, how well they have to do it, and how well they are thought to have done, so they need to talk to their managers at least once a year about this, and their managers need to take their staffs view into account when setting work goals and deciding who needs what training.† (Fisher, 1995, p.12) Traditional performance appraisal is more of a control mechanism used to make the most of an employee. How an employee is contributing toward achievement of organizational goal is the main concern here? Based on contribution ratio of the employees, the management makes some personnel decisions such as promotion, salary increase, sanction, and training needs. This uni-dimensional concept goes more with the philosophy of personnel management. 2.1 Formal versus Informal Performance Appraisal: Formal performance appraisals usually occur at specified time periods once, twice or thrice a year. Formal performance appraisals are required by the organization or institution for the purpose of employee assessment. Informal performance appraisals can take place whenever the supervisor or manager feels communication is needed. 2.2 Purpose, Objectives Benefits of Performance Appraisal: 2.2.1 Purpose: The purpose of performance appraisal is to devlop the organizations performance throughout the improved performance of employees. 2.2.2 Objectives: Organization uses performance appraisal system to execute some objectives. The main objectives in using performance appraisal in an organization are as follows: Motivating and allocating rewards for employees Review past performance to rectifying the mistakes from management and employees (Fisher, 1995, p.11) Proper utilization of company resources. Identifying areas where training and improvement are required. Coaching and developing employees so that they can perform better to achieve the company goal. Identifying the area where developments programs need to be introduced. Giving employees feedback about their work so that they can be inspired. Improve communication between managers and subordinates. Identifying the base for pay, promotion etc.. (Yeates, 1990, p.36) 2.2.3 Benefits: The benefits of a successful appraisal system can be concluded as follows: For the organization: Improved performance all the time in the organization due to: Achieve organizations objectives and values it needs proper communication; Increase sense of group work and reliability; Establish better relationship between managers and staff; Managers have got the scope and power to use their leadership skills to motivate and improve their subordinates. Improve outline of the tasks completed by employees. Classification of thoughts for improvement. Prospect and long-term view of the company can be developed. Training and development requirements appeared more clearly. A culture of continuous progress and success can be formed and maintained. People who have got potential can be classified for career development plans to provide for future staff requirements. The message is passed to everyone that employees are valued properly. (Fisher, 1995, pp.15-16). For the appraiser: Performance appraisal is a chance to develop an overview of individual jobs and organizations. Classification of ideas for development. Improved job satisfaction. Increased sense of individual value. There is an opportunity for appraiser to associate team and individual objectives to fulfil departmental and organizational objectives. There is an opportunity to explain expectations of the contribution the manager expects from team and individuals. The opportunity to set up the targets. There is a chance to make productive relationship with subordinates based on common interest and understanding. (Fisher, 1995, p.16) For the appraisee : Boost them up to increase motivation. Enlarged their career through job satisfaction They realize that they are valued. When they will get feedback after performance appraisal then they get a clear idea of what is expected from them and what they have to do to meet expectations. Supervisors discuss with them to improve their lacking areas. They are offered for training and development for their improvement. When managers are creating scope for developing their subordinates career then it is ultimately developing relationship between them. (Fisher, 1995, pp.16-17) 2.3 What should be appraised? Managers should consider four things when they are going to do the performance appraisal. Inputs Appraisers will see how job holders have implemented their knowledge and skills to perform their job effectively. Process Job holders outcome will indicate the implementation of knowledge and skills for their activities. These are sometimes called to as competences. These illustrate the performance required of people to complete their job effectively. This kind of performance can make a difference between highly effective and less effective performers in a given role such as personal drive, analytical power, team management and leadership and ability to communicate. Outputs Measurable or observable results of the performer will be expressed by jobholders. Outcomes- Result will show the ultimate impact of the jobholders and their teams or departments and their overall activities to achieve the objectives of the organizations. (Fisher, 1995, p.25) 2.4 When appraisals should take place: Formal performance appraisal are usually held annually but some of the fast moving companies prefer to do it twice a year or even more frequently, it could be quarterly. Those who are working in projects under a consultancy firm, their performance evaluation could happen after each assignment but there would still be an overall review at the end of the year. Some of the organizations conduct progress meetings at specific time to review progress towards achiev ­ing objectives, work plans or projects. Some of them are doing two or three times a year, the main purpose of which is to review and update objectives. (Fisher, 1995, p.27) There are some reasons behind failure of appraisals. Reasons are as follows: Employees dont know about the time frame and what exactly they need to do in terms of good performance; Others fail because of problems with the measures used to actually appraise the performance; An easygoing supervisor might rate as high, for instance, subordinates who are actually substandard Other problems, like arguing and poor communication, undermine the interview feedback session. Storey and Sisson (1993) have suggested that performance appraisal system actually have three steps: objective setting, feedback, and evaluation. The first step of an appraisal system is to give the guidance to the employee on how to apply their efforts for the benefit of the organization. The second step is to ensure employees work toward the achievement of their objectives through a process of positive communication with their supervisor. The final step involves the supervisor making an appraisal of the employees performance over the entire assessment cycle. (Brown Benson, 2005, p.101) 2.5 Popular Appraisal Methods: Managers usually conduct the appraisal using a predetermined and formal method one or more of the followings: 2.5.1 Graphic rating scale (GRS): The Graphic Rating Scale is the simplest and most popular technique for appraising performance. GRS measures personality traits and performance along with a point continuum scale or anchored scale. It lists traits such as quality and reliability and a range of performance values from unsatisfactory to outstanding for each trait. The manager or supervisor rates each subordinate by circling or checking the score that best describes his or her performance for each trait. In the end of marking manager or supervisor do the totals of the assigned values for the traits. (Dessler, 1999, p.156) The rater is given wide freedom in choosing a point, which is a threat to reliability and workability. 2.5.2 Alternation Ranking Method: Positioning employees from best to worst on a trait or traits is another appraisal option. Since it is usually easier to distinguish between the worst and best employees, an alternation ranking method is most popular. First, list all subordinates to be rated, and then cross out the names of any not known well enough to rank. Then, indicate the employee who is the highest on the characteristic being measured and also the one who is the lowest. Then choose the next highest and the next lowest, alternating between highest and lowest until all employees have been ranked. (Dessler, 1999, p.158) 2.5.3 Paired Comparison Method: The paired comparison method helps make the ranking method more precise. For every trait such as quantity of work, quality of work, and so on will be considered for appraisal for instant, top performer of quantity of work and top performer of quality of work will be pared. (Dessler, 1999, PP. 158-159) 2.5.4 Forced Choice Method (FCM): FCM intends to mitigate reliability problem of GRS by making scaling unknown to the rater. Here, the rater is served with some statements about a particular trait or performance factor. The rater is to choose a statement that best describes the employee. The rating is done by someone else. This is unworkable in larger organization. Both the rater and the ratee feel uncomfortable with FCM (Anderson, 1993, p.24) 2.5.5 Forced Distribution Method (FDM): The forced distribution method is similar to grading on a curve. With this method, manager places predetermined percentages of ratees into performance categories. FDM is a GRS or BARS scaling with a population distribution requirement. Usually it requires a normal distribution i.e. the lowest and the highest grade contain 10% of population each. The remaining 80% is distributed among others with highest distribution reserved for the mid-grade. FDM intends to minimize overrating. Yet it carries high probability of inequality in case of heterogeneous population. (Dessler, 1999, p.159) 2.5.6 Critical Incident Method: With this method, the supervisor keeps a log of positive and negative example (critical incidents) of a subordinates work-related behaviour. Every six months or so, supervisor and subordinate meet to discuss the latters performance, using the incidents as examples. There are several advantages of this method of which are as follows: It provides actual examples of good and poor performance the supervisor can use to explain the persons rating. It ensures that the manager or supervisor thinks about the subordinates appraisal all during the year. The rating does not just reflect the employees most recent performance. The list hopefully provides examples of what specifically the subordinate can do to eliminate any deficiencies. However, without some numerical rating, this method is not too useful for comparing employees or making salary decisions. (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, pp.45-46) 2.5.7 Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS): A behaviourally anchored rating scale combines the benefits of narratives, critical incidents, and quantified scales, by anchoring a rating scale with specific examples of behavioural activities for good or bad performance. Its supporters say it gives more equitable appraisal than do the other tools we discussed. Although BARS scales still present performance on a continuum; they provide specific behavioral anchors to help clarify the meaning of the performance dimensions and help calibrate the raters definitions of what constitutes good and poor performance. Some supporters of behaviorally focused scales also claimed that they would remove unnecessary subjectivity (Latham Wexley, 1977). BARS is judged from a set of scales- one scale describes each job dimension, or broad types of duties, responsibilities, or activities of a job. Placed on a scale are a set of statements clarifying of worker behaviour on the particular job dimension. (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, p.61). Rating dimension would vary according to the nature of the job- between six and nine seems quite common. For example one British study identified seven: Supervision of operators, scheduling and planning, technical troubleshooting, handling men, communications, administrative problems of wiring wire and dealing with other departments. BARC system has got substantial advantage it has some draw back as well such as time consuming and expensive. Some of them have identified ten dimension of performance. They are interpersonal relationships, organizing and planning, reactions to problems, reliability, communicating, adaptability, growth, productivity, quality of work and teaching. (Fletcher Williams, 1985, pp. 42-44) 2.5.8 Computerised and web-based performance appraisal: Many people who have got the charged for performance appraisal for their subordinates may not be able to do so particularly newly appointed supervisors. As they will take over new responsibilities so they may not be efficient in expressing themselves in writing about employee performance. Eventhough some of them have got the strength to do perfectly but still they may need some format for developing effective, useful employee performance appraisals. Computer software programs are making the performance appraisal system easier from many aspects such as writing a difficult employee performance appraisal. Management software that is commonly called MBA-ware, offers expert guidance in management issues that would cover from creating a business plan to writing employee policy manuals (Sprout, 1995). Some managers are looking for a develop technology to solve the problems that they are facing during performance appraisal. Current computer software programs allow the managers to make performance appraisal documents that are in complete format, professional in appearance, and easy to use in the performance appraisal system. Additionally, this software programs provide classification of job performances that will be counted for appraising and offer various pre-written descriptions of behaviors for each criteria. There are three leading programs for employee evaluation software that are Review Writer 1.0, Performance Now! 2.03, and Employee Appraiser 2.0 (Stewart, 1994; Robinson, 1994). There are some similar software programs in the market but it do not do the evaluation process that way the other three software work (D.W. Pratt, personal communication, July 24, 1996). These three leading software programs work step-by-step to evaluate employees performance. Managers input the employees information into the system, mark the job description and/or categories to be used, choose the correct written evaluations, and print it. (Spinks, Wells Meche, 1999, p.94) 2.5.9 Mixed Standard Scales: These scales are made to make the evaluation system reliable through confirming each individual rates, each scales rate and each rater rates and to minimize halo and leniency errors (Blanz Ghiselli, 1972). The idea of mixed standard scale has come from the logic of forced choice method. Halo and leniency errors could reduce if ratings are not made on a scale where statements come in an obvious order of merit hierarchy. Practical findings provide support to these hypotheses (Saal Landy, 1977). This scale is choosing three items for each performance dimension which are good, average and poor. 2.5.10 Management By Objectives (MBO) More than half of the organizations regularly used performance appraisals in the beginning of 1950s, compared with only 15 per cent immediately after World War II (Spriegel, 1962). They had ordinary, numerical system which was trait rating system. This system focuses on past actions to appraise people on the basis of a previously established set of dimensions (DeVries et al., 1981). Lots of employees who were being apprised by the manager were not happy due to the way of performance measuring system. Trait rating system did not develop the employees performance rather than there was clear indication for being sacked for low performers (Van Riper, 1958). It is mentionable that this rating system gave chance to managers to play the role of judge instead of employee development for achieving both the employees and the organizations goals (McGregor, 1957). Out come of the performance appraisal system was conflicting with present roles of managers and the achievement of organizational goa l thats why new thought was introduced after World War II to update performance appraisal systems (DeVries et al., 1981). Due to the limitations of performance appraisal systems in the 1950s which led to the development of new systems based on management by objectives (MBO) In theory, at least, Management by Objectives provided a clear and unambiguous framework for specifying and measuring employee performance. Labovitz and Baird have given some ideas about MBO that is: â€Å"MBO approach to managing people is a process of continually structuring expectations through mutual goal setting with subordinates, establishing action plans and target dates, reaching objectives and providing feedback. This is a way of managing subordinates that permits them to meet their personal needs for responsibility, freedom of action and recognition. At the same time the MBO approach provides a supervisor with an element of control, and change his or her role from police officer to colleague or coach.† (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, pp.51-52). MBO is introduced in the management for improving performance, reducing role vagueness and redirecting effort to important organizational target. MBO system could be fit and work with any types of organization for planning process, a control technique and a form of individual performance appraisal. (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, p.57). MBO has many positive sides but it has some limitations that we need to consider. The main issue that a company should consider first to implement MBO is the high level of management commitment and time frame to reorient the thinking of employees (Patten, 1977). Communication is the key to get a good out come and to prevent the complexity of the system from primary excitement that will lead into confusion and disillusionment, bring the result to an end with disinterest and failure. The purpose for the new system needs to be clearly recognized also, because while MBO is a useful tool for performance planning and feedback, it is not easily used for administrative decisions (DeVries et al., 1981). A high standard of job assessment and implication skills are needed to determine which performance dimensions to measure and the goal achievement standards to use. Primarily, the goals and objectives which are set likely to be easily quantified, easily achieved and not necessarily central to the job (Murphy Cleveland, 1995). Levinson (1970) found out an inclination for objective-setting measures such as sales dollars or number of units produced result in a lack of attention for less calculative aspects of job performance such as customer service and quality work. As a result this method will be ineffective if objectives are activity focused instead of output centered. There is also an inclination for managers to overlook the factors which are out of employees control, but which frequently affect goal fulfillment, leaving the employee responsible for goal completion inspite of external influences (Goodale, 1977). Managerial jobs are frequently measured in terms of unit, rather than i ndividual, an objective, which requires that individuals be held accountable for outcomes requiring interdependent employee efforts (Levinson, 1970; Schneier Beatty, 1978). These are some common errors associated with MBO (Kleber, 1972), but they help to illustrate the complexity of this performance appraisal method. Longenecker (1989) points to the common assumption that appraisals are often ‘political in nature, that their mechanisms for justifying decisions which have already been taken and disregard individual merit. This is particularly the case when performance related pay (PRP) is involved. As a student of International Human Resource Management, researcher wants to discuss about international perspective of performance appraisal system. Hofstede (1980) found that national culture is a factor to vary on value dimension between managers and employees. One of the value dimensions is individualism against collectivism. Individualism is such a thing where people show their action according to their individual preferences whereas collectivism is such a thing where people behaving as a member of a group. We can see the individualistic culture in western part and collective culture in eastern part of the world. (Taormina Gao, 2009, p.103) The inception of Human Resource Management (HRM) made the Human Capital as the most important strategic resource of an organization and thereby linked it with strategic vision, mission, values, and other processes of organization. Performance Management (PM) thus replaced traditional PA under HRM philosophy. Here, both the organization and employees are of equal concern. Performance management is seen by Armstrong and Baron (1998, p.37) as: â€Å"a means of aligning organizational and individual objectives to achieve organizational effectiveness.† Mohrman and Mohrman define PM as: â€Å"The practices through which work is defined and reviewed; through which capabilities are developed and through which rewards are distributed in an organization. Performance management may involve goal setting, employee selection and placement, compensation, performance appraisal, training and development and career management† (Mohrman and Mohrman, 1995, p.2). From above two definitions we can draw following generic features of PM: It integrates between individual and organizational goals and thereby creates a sense of belongingness in the employees; It views performance as a function of organizational environment i.e. culture, climate, flow of resource, critical external environmental factors, etc; It contributes towards a climate of open discussion between management and workers about all organizational aspects. It enables employees to identify their weaknesses as well as strengths and motivates them for superior performance. 2.6 Motivation and Performance Management: Motivation has multiplier effect on performance. A sound and legitimate appraisal system is a precondition of having a highly motivated workforce. Conversely, a flawed system might demotivate and demoralize the employees in a way that appraisal becomes a ritual and sometimes counterproductive. Milkovich Wigdor (1991, p.34) identify two essential functions of PM linking to motivation: a) it provides the basis for individuals to form beliefs about causal connections between their performance and pay; b) it indicates degree of association between individuals effort and performance. 2.7 Selection of

Macbeth Vs Hamlet :: essays research papers

Thesis: Shakespeare used the same definition of tragedy when he wrote Macbeth, and when he wrote Hamlet; Shakespearean tragedies use supernatural incidents to intrigue the reader's interest, and his plays consist of a hero that has a tragic flaw (sometimes the want for the supernatural) which causes him to make a fatal mistake.I. Introduction II. Spirits III. Comparison IV. Conclusion Shakespeare always used the same elements of tragedy when he wrote his tragedies. These tragedies can be compared easily, especially Macbet and Hamlet. Shakespearean tragedies use supernatural incidents to intrigue the reader's interest, and they consist of a hero that has a tragic flaw (sometimes the desire for the supernatural) which causes him to make a fatal mistake. Shakespeare followed this pattern in all of his tragedies; therefore the similarities between Macbeth and Hamlet can easily be defined and discussed.Shakespeare immediately started Macbeth with a supernatural scene. The three witches s et the somber and evil tone of the plot. In Hamlet, Shakespeare also presented a supernatural occurrence close to the opening. The ghost of Hamlet's father presented itself to Hamlet with a chilling story. In both situations, the tragic hero was not sure whether the spirits were good or evil. The presentation of the supernatural began to lead to the final downfall of each of the characters. In Macbeth, the three witches caused him to think and do evil deeds. If he had never met the witches, he would not have been tempted to murder the king; therefore, he would not have placed himself in the position that he felt he needed to kill everyone who crossed his path. If he hadn't been so treacherous, Macduff would not have called for war, and he would not have murdered him. In Hamlet, if he had not seen the ghost of his father, he would not have known that the reigning king had committed murder to gain the throne.

Active Vibration Control Importance In Mechanical Systems Engineering Essay

This literature study is based on active quiver control and its technology importance in systems ( mechanical ) . Active quiver control is the procedure of minimizing, insulating or rarefying forces imposed by quiver, by actively using opposing forces in order to acquire a desirable status which may be vibration-free or a minimized status. The active control of quiver is of great importance in design of mechanical systems like choppers, where the usage of active quiver control method, has offered a better comfort for the rider with less weight than the inactive alteration, which is the 2nd chief method of commanding quiver. Active control is besides used in cut downing low frequence quiver in constructions by utilizing lightweight quiver actuators like piezoelectric ceramic. Many industrial operations and procedures can non take topographic point if the industrial equipments are non operated in a vibration-free status, this necessitates quiver control. Since quiver may be caused by the instability in most machine parts ( revolving parts like bearings, shaft, cogwheels, flywheel etc ) the cognition of active quiver control is indispensable for the machine interior decorator in order to bring forth an efficient and effectual machine systems for modern twenty-four hours fabrication. Active quiver control has up to four me thods viz. : matrix method, theoretical finite component method, frequence response map and receptances method. The receptance method involve poles and zeros arrangement ( assignment of characteristic root of a square matrixs ) which changes the natural frequences to avoid resonance. However, the construct of classical quiver absorber can be related to a Frahm who registered US patent in 1909 for a device muffling quiver organic structures [ 1 ] . The theory of quiver soaking up foremost appeared in 1928 [ 2 ] in an unfastened literature and was made widely available in 1943 in the first edition of a book authored by J.P Den Hartog, ‘Mechanical quiver ‘ [ 3 ] . There are two chief types of quiver control viz. : the inactive structural alteration and active quiver control. The application of the former can be traced back to the work of Duncan [ 4 ] . In 1941 he determined the dynamic features of a compound system formed from two or more subsystems with complecting belongingss and known receptances.The assignment of characteristic root of a square matrix in active control community started in 1960 ‘s when Wonham [ 5 ] gave an exhibition that poles of a system could be assigned by a province feedback in a state of affairs whereby the system can be controlled. Kautsky et.al [ 6 ] described the numerical method for happening robust ( good conditioned ) solutions to the province feedback pole assignment job by specifying a solution infinite of linearly independent eigenvectors, matching to the characteristic root of a square matrixs required. The solutions gotten were such that the sensitiveness of poles assigned to disturbances in the systems and addition matrices was reduced. One of the interesting facet in active quiver control is the quadratic characteristic root of a square matrix job ( QEP ) taken into history by Tisseur and Mbergeen [ 7 ] , they described the assorted linearization i.e. transmutation of QEP into additive generalized eigenvalue jobs with the same characteristic root of a square matrixs and computational method besides integrating as many types of package available like matlab. A study of experimental and theoretical survey of active quiver control was carried out, with some documents that contained the relevant surveies. The literature study majorly contained past research work done by little figure of establishments and experts with their different techniques and so follows a brief treatment on documents of peculiar involvement.1.1 Experimental Surveies1.1.1 Techniques used in University of SouthamptonNumerous sum of work has been published, this mainly uses speed feedback. In publication of Brennan et Al. [ 8 ] , five different actuators were compared ( magnetostrictive, electromagnetic and three piezoelectric types ) . There was a balance in all the devices between supplanting and force generating public presentation ; hence a method of mensurating the balance was deduced. Improvement would hold been made, because it was written as far back as 1998, particularly in piezoelectric. Decentralised speed feedback is described in publication work of Serrand and Elliot [ 9 ] , on a stiff construction with a brace of about collocated detectors electromagnetic actuators, which are in parallel with a inactive saddle horse. Two control channels which are independent were used and shown to rarefy low manners ( 40dB ) mostly and be stable to little fluctuations in mass. The published work of Sang-Myeong et Al, . [ 10 ] Shows that the decentralized control is expanded to a stiff construction with four detectors and actuators, and so follows the same set up in a flexible construction [ 11 ] . The control strategy was used to rarefy low frequence which is less than 100 Hz quiver by up to 14 dubnium, limited by the instability of the low frequence introduced from filtrating stage displacements. State feedback from speed and force measuring Benassi et al [ 12 ] is used on a 3 grade of freedom ( DOF ) system, utilizing an actuator of individual inactiveness. The feedback cringle of interior force ( with a phase-lag compensator ) , reduces the natural frequence and adds considerable muffling. Control attempt and consequence can be compared to a linear-quadratic regulator ( LQ R ) .In published work of Benassi et al. , [ 13 ] , the same system was used for displacement feedback, with PID used to forestall the sagging of the actuator and to modify the natural frequence of the actuator. Highpass filters are used on the four on the four detector and actuator decentralized system Brennan et al [ 14 ] to give an fading of 20 dubnium for manners at frequence less than 100 Hz. In ( Brennan et al, 2007 ) , the instability introduced from filtrating as a consequence of stage displacement is tested on the two actuator system described in the published work of Serrand and Elliot ( 2000 ) . Condition for stableness of supplanting, speed and acceleration feedback using highpass filters were developed, it was besides shown that high damping and relatively low corner frequences are desirable for supplanting and speed feedback. Gatti et Al ( 2007 ) used collocated piezoelectric transducer actuators and accelerometers, and dampen quiver by explicitly ciphering the minimum kinetic energy of the system. The system was found to be unstable when much lower additions lower than maximal theoretical were used. An absolute speed control ( AVF ) strategy ( Yan Et Al, Journal of sound quiver ) was shown to be effectual at rarefying merely low frequence manners therefore get jobs with the actuator resonances which is stabilized by a lead compensator.1.1.2 Techniques used in Virginia TechWilliam et al [ 11 ] provides a general reappraisal of the operation of four different types of piezoceramic actuators, with the preliminary trial of d31 consequence of Macro Fibre Composites ( MFCs ) on a 1.8 meters diameter inflatable toroid ( hard state of affairs to prove, because of its flexibleness ) . Sodano et al [ 12 ] ran Single Input Single Output ( SISO ) and Multiple Input and Multiple Output ( MIMO ) tests on the same cons truction, utilizing MFC detectors [ 13 ] .In order to excite the whole toroid, a big propulsion force was required ( 800V through the MFC, 0-200Hz ) . Comparison was made between control strategies utilizing both sets of detectors on the toroid construction utilizing PPF ( Sodano, 2004 ) . The cleaner The PVDF detectors allowed lower fading when compared to that of cleaner signals from the MFCs which allow a significantly higher fading. Positive Velocity Feedback ( PVF ) was used by Tarazaga et al [ 15 ] to stifle a little inflatable construction, and compared instrument like optical maser vibrometer, accelerometer and strain gage detectors. Four FMC actuators were used while their control parametric quantities were tuned by manus. A 23 dubnium decrease was achieved in one manner with feeling via optical maser vibrometer, 7.db with strain gage. Alhazza et al [ 16 ] conducted a elaborate probe on delayed feedback of a non-collocated PZT patch/accelerometer brace clamped on abeam, to stifle two manners at the same time. It has been shown that the muffling control is maximised where each pole has existent parts of similar magnitudes. Mahmoodi et al [ 17 ] used modified positive place feedback on an aluminum beam with two braces of MFC sensor/actuator. They besides used realtime Fast Fourier Transform monitoring in dSPACE to about find the resonances of the system and alter the frequence of the accountant consequently. A big amplitude decrease was achieved in two manners ( 23-37 dubnium ) and a little alteration in frequences as an inauspicious consequence.1.1.3 Techniques used in BrusselsPerumont have written many documents but the most recent one is based on isolation of warheads. Hanieh and Perumont [ 18 ] used relative and built-in compensators to cut down the natural frequence of an isolator construction by half ( 50 % ) , although this does non specifically place the poles. They highlighted the usage of built-in addition to brace the system for increasing relative addition. Marneffe and Perumont [ 19 ] showed that manners can be dampened by negative electrical capacity shunt circuits utilizing PZT actuators every bit good as increasing or diminishing the natural frequencies..This method does non stifle every bit good as Integrated Force Feedback ( IFF ) , nevertheless poles are non specified clearly. The system can besides supply some inactive fading. Preumont et al [ 20 ] described decentralized force feedback on six-axis isolator in order to stifle three widely spaced manners of frequence ( 3-400 Hz ) close to 40 dubniums. They discovered that the demand for highpass filter with a really low corner frequence whish stabilise the integrated signals has a side consequence on the fading.1.1.4 Techniques used in Other InstitutionsGaudenzi et al [ 21 ] applied place and speed feedback to a collocated PZT sensor/actuator on a clamped beam. Control additions are calculated in order to give specified muffling values in each instance, the frequence displacements are besides calculated but non clearly specified. Song et Al [ 22 ] compared Strain Rate Feedback ( SRF ) and Positive Position Feedback ( PPF ) for quiver decrease of a beam, utilizing a collocated PZT detector and actuator. They determined SRF damped quivers in about half clip of PPF, but the accountant bandwidth was much smaller. Vasques and Rodrigues [ 23 ] presented a numerical survey which compares Changeless Amplitude Velocity Feedback ( CAVF ) , Changeless Gain Velocity Feedback ( CGVF ) , Linear Quadratic Regulator ( LQR ) and Linear Quadratic Gausssian ( LQG ) control on a beam with a piezoelectric actuator/sensor collocated brace. The usage of Kalman-Bucy filter and its part to the possibility of spillover were demonstrated. CAVF and CGVF require distinction of the end product signals, which compromise stableness badly. The greatest fading was given by LQG control schemes with the lowest actuator force. Kolvalovs et al [ 24 ] model the effects of MFC actuators as a thermic burden in Finite Element ( thermic enlargement coefficient I ± = piezoelectric changeless vitamin D / electrode spacing I?es ) , which was compared favorably with trial on a clamped aluminum beam. There was a study of big fading but it was non the control method. PZT detectors and four PZT actuators were used by Kwak and Heo [ 25 ] on the legs of an ‘A ‘ frame to cut down quiver with Multiple-In-Multiple-Out PPF control. Block opposite technique was used by them to stifle more braces of pole than actuators, and to increase stableness. A decrease in natural frequences was predicted and observed, but are non explicitly specified in the control. Qiu et al [ 26 ] used non-collocated PZTs to command the first and the first two flexing manner of a beam. Lowpass filter and stage displacements were used to greatly lower the possibility of spillover. Their Variable Structure Control ( VSC ) uses the built-in of signal measured. Pole arrangement in procedure technology seems to be prevailing and reasonably implemented in a broad mode, for case Michiels et al [ 27 ] used the province feedback and the consequence of the clip hold was included. However, the chief aim in these systems is stability non the fading.1.1.5 Application of Pole PlacementAn interesting facet in pole arrangement is the work done by Mahmoodi et al [ 17 ] , where the accountant with regard to the natural frequences of the system determined from the extremums of a FFT in dSPACE. A technique which is the same could let the control of time-varying mass, the FFT must be buffered must be buffered, hence the adaptative control is comparatively slow. There may be demand of existent clip robust curve adjustment. In published work of Kwak and Heo [ 25 ] , it is shown that in an effort to delegate more poles than actuators with a PPF accountant, finding control additions utilizing the pseudo opposite may non be desiable. This cogency of this may besides be applicable for the receptance method. A figure of surveies have shown that the addition in truth of MFCs as detectors when compared to other strain gages and accelerometers could better the anticipations of the control addition. The simplest accountants, like displacement feedback were non every bit effectual as more complex accountants, but the optimum control strategy is non clear. It was shown that highpass filters and turning away of taking derived functions of measured signal are necessary. In some conditions of PZT actuators, lowpass filters were required because they can readily excite manners of high frequence and give rise to spillover.1.2 Theoretical SurveiesSome few documents were selected so that the consecutive development of the subject can be presented without adverting all the research works conducted by the research workers. Before the theoretical reappraisal it is imperative to present some mathematical theory of quiver suppression for the intent of familiarization with the active quiver control. In general the rule of active quiver control by method of receptance modelled by Mottershead and Ram [ 28 ] is as follows: See the three systems M, C, and K with province feedback ; Where, M is the mass system â€Å" C is the damping system â€Å" K is jumping system ( stiffness ) Ma ( T ) + Ca?†¹ ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = degree Fahrenheit ( T ) ( clip sphere ) ( 1 ) Ma ( T ) + Ca?†¹ ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = bu ( T ) + P ( T ) ( 2 ) B is a vector while u ( T ) is a scalar. U ( T ) = – ( gTx + fTa?†¹ ) U ( T ) = -gTx – fTa?†¹ Then equation ( 2 ) becomes Ma ( T ) + Ca?†¹ ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = B ( -gTx – fTa?†¹ ) + P ( T ) ( 3 ) Ma ( T ) + Ca?†¹ ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = – bgTx – bfTa?†¹ + P ( T ) ( 4 ) Under a existent status, each non nothing footings in B means the usage of an actuator while in g or degree Fahrenheit means the usage of detector. In frequence sphere, the consequence in equation ( 4 ) gives: [ Ms2 + Cs + K +b ( gT + foot ) ] x ( s ) =p ( s ) It is obvious that the close-loop dynamic stiffness is changed by the rank-1 alteration B ( gT+ foot ) due to the province feedback when one input is used. The opposite of a matrix with a rank-1 alteration in footings of the opposite of the original matrix is given by The Sherman-Morrison expression [ 29 ] .Hence, the close-loop receptance matrix is: A ¤ ( s ) = H ( s ) – H ( s ) B ( gT + foot ) H ( s ) 1+ ( gT + foot ) H ( s ) B H ( s ) is equal to the opposite of [ Ms + Cs + K ] . It may be determined practically from the matrix of receptances H ( tungsten ) measured at the sensor/actuator coordinates.1.2.1 Receptance Modelling TechniquesMottershead and Ram [ 28 ] concluded that the system matrices M, C and K are non required to be evaluated in delegating poles and nothings in active quiver control when utilizing receptance method. Duncan [ 30 ] and Sofrin [ 31 ] were the first set of people to compose paper which addressed the job of uniting two or more dynamical systems in 1941 and 1945 severally. The job considered by them was based on finding the dynamic behavior of a compound system which was formed as a consequence of uniting two or more subsystems with known receptances and known belongingss which are interconnected. The technique creates the footing for the job of direct structural alteration by receptance modeling, which the elaborate account has been given by Bishop and Johnson [ 32 ] . Ewins [ 33 ] gave a general expression for finding the receptances of a compound system utilizing measured receptances from another constituent. In this, the matrix of connection-point receptances need to be inverted, this is known to be an improperly posed job. Berman [ 33, 34 ] has explained the job in flexibleness matrix inversion to obtain stiffness and frailty versa. Weissenburger [ 35 ] presented the first paper to speak about reverse structural alteration job. In this job, the aim is to find the necessary alteration to put natural frequences and antiresonances ( assignment of characteristic root of a square matrix ) . The receptance in the receptance patterning method proposed by Weissenburger got decomposed into abbreviated set of spectra and manners. Weissenburger ‘s work was extended by Pomazal autonomic nervous systems Synder [ 36 ] to muffle system and see the best pick of alteration co-ordinates. Dowell [ 36 ] used an attack called quotient attack considered the general form of puting natural frequences after adding mass and spring to modify. The straightforward procedure applied in simple unit-rank alterations by add-on of a mass, is the assignment of individual natural frequence. It merely requires the measuring of the point receptance at the co-ordinate of alteration at the frequence to be assigned for the value of the mass added to be determined for the intent of delegating a individual natural frequence. In pattern, the add-on of a grounded spring is more hard than an added mass. Receptance modeling for the assignment of antiresonances was foremost applied in UK chopper industry in 1972. It was discovered by Vincent [ 37 ] that when a construction is excited at a point Q with fixed frequence is modified by adding a spring between two co-ordinates r and s, so the response at another point P will follow out a circle when it is plotted in the complex plane when the stiffness of the spring is being varied from subtraction to plus eternity. Hence there is a decrease in job of quiver suppression to happening point on the circle nearest to the complex response beginning. Thorough description of this method was given by Done and Hughes [ 38 ] and was further analysed by Nagy [ 39 ] to include Vincent circle analysis of a spring-mass absorber. The job of delegating antiresonance was discovered once more after a long period of no activities by Li et al [ 40 ] , but at that place was a restriction in their analysis by the necessity to find the manners of the ‘grounded ‘ system that have characteristic root of a square matrixs matching to the antiresonances. The manner was determined numerically from the mass and stiffness matrices already reduced in size by the eliminating row and column. The sensitivenesss of the system antiresonances were considered by Mottershead [ 41 ] . Vibration node was created by Mottershead and Lallement [ 42 ] by call offing pole with a nothing utilizing a receptance patterning method. Force restraint to measured point and cross-receptances was applied by Mottershead [ 43 ] in order to find characteristic root of a square matrixs ( pole ) , eigenvector and receptances of the forced systems. Then, add-on of multitudes to a beam leads to the accomplishment of delegating antiresonances in a physical experiment for the first clip.1.2.2 Active Control TechniquesMottershead and Ram [ 28 ] , concluded that active quiver control offers much greater flexibleness in delegating coveted dynamic behavior ( like poles ) than the inactive alteration because all poles can be assigned to order arbitrary location if the system is governable while in inactive alteration there is a restriction of symmetric alteration. In the theory of automatic control, a cardinal consequence provinces that the moral force of a system a can be regulated by delegating the characteristic root of a square matrixs, or poles, of the system utilizing a individual input force, provided that the system is governable [ 44 ] . Another option to modulate the moral force of a system is to utilize multiple control forces [ 45 ] . The usage of multiple control forces lead to accomplishment of redundancy which has been used by Kautsky et al [ 3 ] to do certain that there is hardiness of the control system in the sense that the pole assigned are non sensitive to disturbances in the parametric quantities of the system. For stableness to be achieved, all the system ‘s pole must lie on the left-hand side of the complex plane. In every bit much as natural quivers are described normally by finite component theoretical account which are of big dimensions, it is non normally easy to cognize whether all the characteristic root of a square matrixs possess negative existent parts, particularly when a large-space structural control system is being designed [ 46,47 ] . While some characteristic root of a square matrixs associated with big oscillation are being relocated, other characteristic root of a square matrix of which there was no purpose of altering them, shifted towards the righ hand-side of the complex plane and this may take to instability of the system. Such a procedure is called the spillover of poles. Saad [ 48 ] developed an algorithm for the selective changing of the spectrum of the dynamic system consists of a set of first-order differential equation. For the partial pole assignment job associated with systems undergoing quiver, a closed-form solution was derived in [ 49 ] , where there was resettlement of some coveted characteristic root of a square matrixs to order places, while all other characteristic root of a square matrixs remain unchanged. The usage of a certain perpendicularity relation m ade this accomplishable which applies to a general viscously-damped system. Generalisation has been made refering this method to include multi-input control forces. In this, little control attempt was control by redundancy in the control forces.1.2.3 Continuous System TechniqueThe job of direct characteristic root of a square matrix of a system which is additive and uninterrupted and in combination with another system is good understood. Danek [ 50 ] used Green ‘s maps in obtaining the characteristic equation and natural frequences of two beams which are connected at distinct points. Classical method of dividing variables was used by Nicholson and Bergman [ 51 ] in order to analyze free quiver of two types of combined additive undamped dynamical systems. Both systems need the add-on of oscillator to beams. Bergman and Nicholson [ 52 ] besides showed that for a additive combined system dwelling of a viscously damped simple beam and a figure of viscously damped oscillators, the response could be solved in closed signifier. Conditionss were given for the being of classical normal manners in a combined viscously damped additive system and the precise solution for the response to an arbitrary excitement when this status is satisfied. In uninterrupted systems, nodal points can be specified by utilizing inactive or active control. The control force in footings of an infinite merchandise of characteristic root of a square matrixs was expressed by Ram [ 53 ] . The consequence is based on certain relation that connects the eigenfunctions to a merchandise of characteristic root of a square matrixs [ 54 ] .It was shown by Singh and Ram [ 55 ] that anodal point in a vibrating beam may be assigned bythe usage of manner form informations associated with auxiliary set of partial differential equations. In decision,